[Anthropometric study and evaluation of the nutritional status of a population school children in Granada; comparison of national and international reference standards]. / Estudio antropométrico y valoración del estado nutricional de una población de escolares de Granada; comparación con los estándares nacionales e internacionales de referencia.

Recent studies show an alarming increase in levels of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The main objectives of this research were the following: (i) to carry out an anthropometric evaluation of the nutritional status and body composition of school children in the city and province of Granada; (ii) to compare the nutritional status of this population sample with national and international reference standards. The results obtained in this study showed that the general prevalence of overweight in both sexes was 22.03% and that 9.12% of the children were obese. Statistically significant differences were found between the variable, weight for age and sex (p < 0.05) and the variable, height for age and sex (p < 0.05). Regarding the body mass index, no statistically significant differences were found for the variable, sex (p = 0.182). This contrasted with the variable, age, which did show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, the results of our study highlighted the fact that these anthropometric values were much higher than national and international reference standards.

[Obesity and seric levels of strogens; the importance of early development of breast cancer]. / Obesidad y niveles séricos de estrógenos; importancia en el desarrollo precoz del cáncer de mama.

Many studies have analyzed the possible association between the development of obesity and hormone levels, as well as their relation with the early development of breast cancer. As part of this study, we performed a retrospective collection of data from the clinical histories of 524 women in Granada (Spain), who had been diagnosed with breast cancer. The objectives were to verify an association between the nutritional state of the women and their age at breast cancer diagnosis as well as a possible relation between their nutritional state and seric levels of estrogens. The results obtained in this study show that obesity and the levels of certain hormones, such as estrogens, are closely associated with the early development of breast cancer.

Estudio antropométrico y valoración del estado nutricional de una población de escolares de Granada; comparación con los estándares nacionales e internacionales de referencia / Anthropometric study and evaluation of the nutritional status of a population school children in Granada; comparison of national and international reference standards

Estudios recientes muestran un incremento alarmante en las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad entre la población infantil y juvenil. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron realizar una valoración del estado nutricional y composición corporal mediante antropometría en una población de escolares de Granada capital y provincia, así como comparar el estado nutricional de la población escolar estudiada con los estándares nacionales e internacionales de referencia. La prevalencia general de sobrepeso encontrado en ambos sexos fue del 22,03% y la tasa de obesidad del 9,12%. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la variable peso para la edad y el sexo (p < 0,05) y la variable estatura para la edad y sexo (p < 0,05). Respecto del índice de masa corporal, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la variable sexo (p = 0,182) pero sí respecto de la variable edad (p < 0,05). Por último, cabe resaltar como los valores de antropometría estimados, se sitúan muy por encima de los estándares de referencia tanto nacionales como internacionales (AU)

Recent studies show an alarming increase in levels of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The main objectives of this research were the following: (i) to carry out an anthropometric evaluation of the nutritional status and body composition of school children in the city and province of Granada; (ii) to compare the nutritional status of this population sample with national and international reference standards. The results obtained in this study showed that the general prevalence of overweight in both sexes was 22.03% and that 9.12% of the children were obese. Statistically significant differences were found between the variable, weight for age and sex (p < 0.05) and the variable, height for age and sex (p < 0.05). Regarding the body mass index, no statistically significant differences were found for the variable, sex (p = 0.182). This contrasted with the variable, age, which did show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, the results of our study highlighted the fact that these anthropometric values were much higher than national and international reference standards (AU)

Obesidad y niveles séricos de estrógenos; importancia en el desarrollo precoz del cáncer de mama / Obesity and seric levels of strogens; the importance of early development of breast cancer

Numerosos estudios han analizado la posible asociación entre el desarrollo de obesidad, niveles hormonales y su relación con el desarrollo precoz de cáncer de mama. Se llevó a cabo una recogida de datos retrospectiva a partir de las historias clínicas de 524 mujeres de Granada (España) diagnosticadas de cáncer de mama. Los objetivos fueron verificar una asociación entre el estado nutricional y la edad de diagnóstico, así como una posible relación entre el estado nutricional de las pacientes y los niveles séricos de estrógenos. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio muestran que la obesidad y los niveles de ciertas hormonas como los estrógenos se encuentran íntimamente asociados con el desarrollo precoz del cáncer de mama (AU)

Many studies have analyzed the possible association between the development of obesity and hormone levels, as well as their relation with the early development of breast cancer. As part of this study, we performed a retrospective collection of data from the clinical histories of 524 women in Granada (Spain), who had been diagnosed with breast cancer. The objectives were to verify an association between the nutritional state of the women and their age at breast cancer diagnosis as well as a possible relation between their nutritional state and seric levels of estrogens. The results obtained in this study show that obesity and the levels of certain hormones, such as estrogens, are closely associated with the early development of breast cancer (AU)

[Influence of family environment of the development of obesity and overweight in a population of school children in Granada (Spain)]. / Influencia del entorno familiar en el desarrollo del sobrepeso y la obesidad en una población de escolares de Granada (España).

According to recent research, eating behaviour should be understand as a cyclical and interactive process in which parental eating habits cause children to develop specific eating strategies as well as their own eating habits. Needless to say, this interactive process is reflected and has a direct impact on the nutritional indicators of the children in a family. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to verify the existence of a significant association between the educational level of parents and the nutritional state of children in the same family; (ii) to discover if there is a direct relation between the nutritional state of children and the person that decides the menu and/or prepares family meals; (iii) to determine if there is a link between the nutritional state of children and the time that they spend on sedentary leisure activities. The sample population was composed of 718 school children and adolescents, 9-17 years of age, who A descriptive, transversal, and multicentric study was performed that evaluated the nutritional state of the entire sample by using anthropometric techniques to assess weight, height, and body mass index.

[Obesity and its relation with markers of inflammation and erythrocyte fatty acids in a group of overweight adolescents]. / Obesidad y su relación con marcadores de inflamación y ácidos grasos de eritrocito en un grupo de adolescentes obesos.

There is a general consensus that obesity is an eminently inflammatory process. This is justified by alterations observed in obese patients, which affect the secretion of certain cytokines such as ceruloplasmin, leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), among others. In a parallel way, other research has also pointed out alterations in the composition of fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane of overweight adults. The results obtained in our study confirm the existence of a significant correlation between the serum levels of some of the cytokines studied and the nutritional state of the sample studied. This means that for the population of children evaluated in our study, the serum concentrations of these biomolecules can be an important tool for the prediction of cardiovascular risk when they become adults. Furthermore significant differences were found regarding the composition of saturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane.

[Comparative study of the effectiveness of body mass index and the body-fat percentage as methods for the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in children]. / Estudio comparativo de la eficacia del índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal como métodos para el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad en población pediátrica.

The World Health Organization (WHO) regards obesity as one of the most serious public health problems in the world that can affect young children and adolescents. Accordingly, a major priority is to find ways to more effectively study and analyze the various methods used to diagnose and evaluate the nutritional state of the pediatric and adolescent population. The nutritional indicators currently employed for this purpose are the body mass index and body-fat percentage. However, there is a certain controversy related to the body-fat percentage since it tends to overestimate overweight and obesity. The main objectives of this study were the following: (i) to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a population of primary and secondary school children between 9-17 years of age at 13 educational centers in the city and province of Granada; (ii) to verify possible differences regarding the accuracy of the body mass index and the body-fat percentage in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity.

Protocolo de intervención de enfermería para favorecer el vínculo afectivo entre el bebé recién nacido con síndrome de Down y su familia / Nursing intervention protocol to help establish affective ties between the newborn infant with Down’s syndrome and his/her family

El establecimiento del vínculo afectivo entre madre e hijo representa un hecho universal en todas las culturas. A pesar de ello, su equilibrio puede verse perturbado por factores tanto ambientales, como de la madre o del recién nacido. La llegada de un recién nacido supone un acontecimiento familiar de alegría. Sin embargo, esta situación puede verse alterada cuando el recién nacido presenta alguna diferencia respecto a la normalidad, resultando en ocasiones en una ruptura en el proceso de vinculación afectiva en la familia, principalmente entre los padres y el bebé. Este tipo de situaciones se intensifi can cuando los padres no aceptan en los primeros días a su bebé con síndrome de Down. Los profesionales de enfermería elaboramos estrategias para facilitar el vínculo desde el momento del diagnóstico y en los primeros días posparto. La enfermera tendrá un papel esencial en la información a la familia. Debemos dar apoyo emocional e informar sobre el contacto piel con piel y las ventajas de la lactancia materna. Las posibilidades futuras de estos niños dependerán del nivel de estimulación y la aceptación de los padres. Debemos respetar las etapas emocionales por las que atraviesa la familia, especialmente los padres, pues de ellos dependerá la integración correcta del bebé. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer un protocolo de actuación de enfermería estandarizado para favorecer el vínculo afectivo entre el recién nacido con síndrome de Down y su familia (AU)

The establishment of affective ties between mother and child is a universal phenomenon in all cultures. However, this process can be disrupted by contextual factors of the mother and her newborn child. The arrival of a baby is generally a joyful event in all families. Nevertheless, this situation can change when the newborn baby is not regarded as normal. This can sometimes cause a breach in the affective ties within the family, mainly between the parents and their child. Situations of this type are intensifi ed when parents refuse to accept their Down’s syndrome baby from the very beginning. Nursing professionals prepare strategies help in the emotional bonding from the time of diagnosis, and in the period immediately after childbirth. In this respect, nurses have a crucial role as information providers for the family. More specifi cally, they give parents emotional support and tell them about the importance of skin to skin contact, as well as the advantages of breastfeeding. The emotional process that the family is going through must be respected, especially the parents since they are responsible for the integration of the baby into the family unit. The objective of this research was to establish a standard nursing intervention protocol that helps to establish affective ties and bonding between the Down’s syndrome baby and the family (AU)

Obesidad y su relación con marcadores de inflamación y ácidos grasos de eritrocito en un grupo de adolescentes obesos / Obesity and its relation with markers of inflammation and erythrocyte fatty acids in a group of overweight adolescents

En la actualidad se acepta que la obesidad constituye un proceso eminentemente inflamatorio. Ello tiene su justificación en las alteraciones descritas en sujetos obesos a nivel de la secreción de ciertas citoquinas tales como ceruloplasmina, leptina, adiponectina e interleuquina 6 (IL-6), entre otras. Asimismo y en modo paralelo, otros trabajos apuntan además hacia alteraciones en la composición de ácidos grasos en la membrana de los eritrocitos de adultos obesos. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio confirman la existencia de una correlación significativa entre los niveles séricos de algunas de las citokinas estudiadas y el estado nutricional de los sujetos, lo que significa que para la población de escolares valorada, las concentraciones séricas de estas biomoléculas pueden constituir una importante herramienta para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en la edad adulta. Además, se han encontrado diferencias significativas respecto de la composición en ácidos grasos saturados en la membrana de los eritrocitos (AU)

There is a general consensus that obesity is an eminently inflammatory process. This is justified by alterations observed in obese patients, which affect the secretion of certain cytokines such as ceruloplasmin, leptin,adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), among others. In a parallel way, other research has also pointed out alterations in the composition of fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane of overweight adults. The results obtained in our study confirm the existence of a significant correlation between the serum levels of some of the cytokines studied and the nutritional state of the sample studied. This means that for the population of children evaluated in our study, the serum concentrations of these biomolecules can be an important tool for the prediction of cardiovascular risk when they become adults. Furthermore significant differences were found regarding the composition of saturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane (AU)

Influencia del entorno familiar en el desarrollo del sobrepeso y la obesidaden una población de escolares de Granada (España) / Influence of family environment of the development of obesity and overweight in a population of school children in Granada (Spain)

La literatura científica existente plantea la necesidad de entender la conducta alimentaria como un proceso cíclico e interactivo, según el cual los hábitos y la conducta alimentaria de los padres llevan a sus hijos a desarrollar estrategias especificas de alimentación, esto es, a la definición de conductas alimentarias propias, lo que tendrá su reflejo en los indicadores nutricionales del niño. Los objetivos de este estudio han sido verificar la existencia de una asociación significativa entre el nivel educativo de los padres y el estado nutricional de sus hijos, comprobar si existe una relación directa entre el estado nutricional de los hijos y quién es la persona que elabora el menú familiar y determinar el posible vínculo entre el estado nutricional de los hijos y el tiempo que éstos dedican a la práctica del ocio sedentario. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 718 niños y adolescentes escolares de entre 9 y 17 años de edad, pertenecientes todos ellos a trece centros educativos públicos y privados de la ciudad de Granada y de su provincia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico en el que se llevó acabo una valoración del estado nutricional de toda la población de alumnos correspondientes a trece centros educativos. Mediante el uso de técnicas de antropometría se valoraron las variables peso, talla y, con ello, el índice de masa corporal (AU)

According to recent research, eating behaviour should be understand as a cyclical and interactive process in which parental eating habits cause children to develop specific eating strategies as well as their own eating habits. Needless to say, this interactive process is reflected and has a direct impact on the nutritional indicators of the children in a family. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to verify the existence of a significant association between the educational level of parents and the nutritional state of children in the same family; (ii) to discover if there is a direct relation between the nutritional state of children and the person that decides the menu and/or prepares family meals; (iii) to determine if there is a link between the nutritional state of children and the time that they spend on sedentary leisure activities. The sample population was composed of 718 schoolchildren and adolescents, 9-17 years of age, who A descriptive, transversal, and multicentric study was performed that evaluated the nutritional state of the entire sample by using anthropometric techniques to assess weight, height, and body mass index (AU)

Estudio comparativo de la eficacia del índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal como métodos para el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad en población pediátrica / Comparative study of the effectiveness of body mass index and the body-fat percentage as methods for the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in children

La OMS considera la obesidad como uno de los problemas de salud pública más importantes en el mundo, especialmente entre la población infantil y juvenil. Según esto, resulta prioritario mejorar y profundizar en el estudio de las diferentes metodologías de diagnóstico y valoración del estado nutricional en población pediátrica y adolescente. Actualmente, son utilizados como indicadores del estado nutricional el índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Ahora bien, respecto del segundo, existe cierta controversia por considerar que tiende a sobreestimar el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Los objetivos a alcanzar con el desarrollo de este estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en una población de escolares de entre 9 y 17 años de edad pertenecientes a 13 centros educativos de la ciudad de Granada y provincia. En segundo lugar, verificar posibles diferencias significativas a nivel de la precisión del índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal para diagnosticar sobrepeso y obesidad (AU)

The World Health Organization (WHO) regards obesity as one of the most serious public health problems in the world that can affect young children and adolescents. Accordingly, a major priority is to find ways to more effectively study and analyze the various methods used to diagnose and evaluate the nutritional state of the pediatric and adolescent population. The nutritional indicators currently employed for this purpose are the bodymass index and body-fat percentage. However, there is a certain controversy related to the body-fat percentage since it tends to overestimate overweight and obesity. The main objectives of this study were the following: (i) to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a population of primary and secondary school children between 9-17 years of age at 13 educational centers in the city and province of Granada; (ii) to verify possible differences regarding the accuracy of the body mass index and the body-fat percentage in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity (AU)

[Prevalence of nutritional overweight and obesity and hypertension as well as their relationship with anthropometric indicators in a population of students in Granada and its provinces]. / Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad nutricional e hipertensión arterial y su relación con indicadores antropométricos en una población de escolares de Granada y su provincia.

INTRODUCTION: Several authors have found correlations between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects. This paper is an update on the potential of these parameters as a tool for predicting cardiovascular risk. AIMS: to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Second verify the existence of a significant correlation between the main anthropometric indicators and the blood pressure levels. SAMPLE: The population consisted of 977 children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years of age belonging to 13 schools in the province of Granada and city. METHODOLOGY: anthropometric evaluation in which they were assessed six skinfolds, waist circumference, hip and determination of blood pressure in three consecutive occasions. The anthropometric assessment phase began in March 2008 lasted until April 2009. RESULTS: We found that the prevalence of overweight in girls varied between 18.3% and 32.2%. For its part, the prevalence among boys was between 10.9% and 26.1%. Regarding the prevalence of obesity, the girls had similar rates between 4.5% and 15.1%. Among boys the prevalence of obesity was similar, and found rates between 4.7% and 12.6%. Of all the parameters measured, body mass index and waist circumference were the anthropometric indicators that showed a better correlation to blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: BMI and WC are useful anthropometric indicators to predict cardiovascular risk in non adults.

[Study of the serum levels of leptin, ceruloplasmin and lipoprotein (a) as indicators of cardiovascular risk in a population of adolescents in Granada (Spain)]. / Estudio de los niveles séricos de leptina, ceruloplasmina y lipoproteína (a) como indicadores del riesgo cardiovascular en una población de adolescentes de Granada (España).

Numerous studies have focused on establishing a relation between the serum values of biomolecules such as leptin, ceruloplasmin, and lipoprotein (a), and the nutritional state and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pressure in subjects with problems of overweight or obesity. However, in many cases, the results obtained have not been conclusive. The results of our study confirm the existence of a statistically significant association between the serum levels of these biomolecules, the nutritional state of the subjects, and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pressure. For the population of overweight and obese adolescents studied, the evaluation of the serum concentrations of these biomolecules was found to be an important instrument that could be used to identify those subjects with an elevated risk of suffering cardiovascular disorders basically derived from a hypertensive status.

Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad nutricional e hipertensión arterial y su relación con indicadores antropométricos en una población de escolares de Granada y su provincia / Prevalence of nutritional overweight and obesity and hypertension as well as their relationship with anthropometric indicators in a population of students in Granada and its provinces

Introducción: Diversos autores han encontrado correlaciones entre parámetros antropométricos y los niveles de presión arterial en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad. El presente trabajo supone una puesta al día sobre las potencialidades de dichos parámetros como un instrumento más de predicción del riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivos: Realizar una estimación de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. En segundo lugar verificar la existencia de una correlación significativa entre los principales indicadores antropométricos valorados y los niveles de presión arterial mostrados por los alumnos. Muestra: una población constituida por 977 niños y adolescentes de entre 9 y 17 años de edad pertenecientes a 13 centros educativos de la provincia de Granada y ciudad. Metodología: Se realizó una evaluación antropométrica en la que fueron valorados seis pliegues cutáneos, la circunferencia de la cintura, de la cadera y la determinación de la presión arterial en hasta tres ocasiones consecutivas. Esta fase de valoración antropométrica comenzó en marzo de 2008 prolongándose hasta mayo de 2009. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de sobrepeso en chicas que oscilaba entre el 18,3% y el 32,2%. Por su parte, entre los chicos su prevalencia se situaba entre el 10,9% y el 26,1%. Respecto de la prevalencia de obesidad, las chicas mostraron tasas comprendidas entre el 4,5% y el 15,1%. Entre los chicos la prevalencia de obesidad resultó similar, encontrando tasas comprendidas entre el 4,7% y el 12,6%. De todos los parámetros valorados, el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia fueron los indicadores antropométricos que mayor grado de correlación mostraron respecto de las cifras de presión arterial. Conclusiones: El índice de masa corporal, así como la circunferencia de la cintura constituyen indicadores antropométricos precisos para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en sujetos no adultos (AU)

Introduction: Several authors have found correlations between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects. This paper is an update on the potential of these parameters as a tool for predicting cardiovascular risk. Aims: to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Second verify the existence of a significant correlation between the main anthropometric indicators and the blood pressure levels. Sample: The population consisted of 977 children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years of age belonging to 13 schools in the province of Granada and city. Methodology: anthropometric evaluation in which they were assessed six skinfolds, waist circumference, hip and determination of blood pressure in three consecutive occasions. The anthropometric assessment phase began in March 2008 lasted until April 2009. Results: We found that the prevalence of overweight in girls varied between 18.3% and 32.2%. For its part, the prevalence among boys was between 10.9% and 26.1%. Regarding the prevalence of obesity, the girls had similar rates between 4.5% and 15.1%. Among boys the prevalence of obesity was similar, and found rates between 4.7% and 12.6%. Of all the parameters measured, body mass index and waist circumference were the anthropometric indicators that showed a better correlation to blood pressure. Conclusions: BMI and WC are useful anthropometric indicators to predict cardiovascular risk in non adults (AU)

Estudio de los niveles séricos de leptina, ceruloplasmina y lipoproteína (a) como indicadores del riesgo cardiovascular en una población de adolescentes de Granada (España) / Study of the serum levels of leptin, ceruloplasmin and lipoprotein (a) as indicators of cardiovascular risk in a population of adolescents in Granada (Spain)

Han sido numerosos los estudios orientados a establecer una relación entre los valores séricos de biomoléculas como la leptina, ceruloplasmina, lipoproteína (a) y el estado nutricional y niveles de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en sujetos con problemas de sobrepeso u obesidad, no siendo concluyentes en muchos casos los datos alcanzados. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio confirman la existencia de una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los niveles séricos de dichas biomoléculas el estado nutricional de los sujetos y los niveles de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. Resultado de ello y para la población de adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad estudiada, la valoración de las concentraciones séricas de estas biomoléculas resultó ser un importante instrumento para identificar aquellos sujetos con un riesgo elevado de padecer trastornos cardiovasculares, fundamentalmente derivados de un estatus hipertensivo (AU)

Numerous studies have focused on establishing a relation between the serum values of biomolecules such as leptin, ceruloplasmin, and lipoprotein (a), and the nutritional state and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pressure in subjects with problems of overweight or obesity. However, in many cases, the results obtained have not been conclusive. The results of our study confirm the existence of a statistically significant association between the serum levels of these biomolecules, the nutritional state of the subjects, and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pressure. For the population of overweight and obese adolescents studied, the evaluation of the serum concentrations of these biomolecules was found to be an important instrument that could be used to identify those subjects with an elevated risk of suffering cardiovascular disorders basically derived from a hypertensive status (AU)

[Obesity in a school children population from Granada: assessment of the efficacy of an educational intervention]. / Obesidad de una población de escolares de Granada: evaluación de la eficacia de una intervención educativa.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research was to study the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in a population of school children and adolescents, and to verify the effectiveness of an educational intervention, as reflected in the variation of their body mass index values. MATERIALS: The population sample was composed of 977 school children and adolescents from 9 to 17 years of age, belonging to 13 public elementary schools and high schools in the city and province of Granada (Spain). METHODOLOGY: This longitudinal cohort study was analytical, muticentric, and observational. It was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved the evaluation of the nutritional state of the sample population by means of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, six skin folds and four body perimeters) as well as arterial blood pressure. The second phase entailed an educational intervention focusing on good nutritional habits and physical exercise. The third and final phase evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention. RESULTS: A higher obesity prevalence (15.1%) was found in school girls between 12 and 13. In the case of boys, obesity prevalence was lower up to age 13 though afterwards, it progressively increased (12.6%). The educational intervention produced an important reduction in body mass index values in both sexes though this reduction was more significant in young females. CONCLUSIONS: There is a currently an alarming increase in obesity and overweight prevalence among the population evaluated in this study. The significant reduction in body mass index values resulting from this research confirmed the effectiveness of the educational intervention to reduce excess weight.

[Ceruloplasmin and its clinical relevance as an indactor of cardiovascular risk factor in a school population of Granada]. / Ceruloplasmina y su importancia clínica como factor indicador del riesgo cardiovascular en una población de escolares de Granada.

Also known as ferroxidase ceruloplasmin, belongs to the family of inflammation-sensitive proteins, and its main function to transport copper in the blood. Although, in addition to this transport function, at present, there are numerous studies that have attempted to use the determination of serum concentrations as a predictive indicator of cardiovascular risk in patients who are overweight or obese. The results of this study confirm the existence of a significant correlation between serum ceruloplasmin and nutritional status of the subjects, which means that for the population of students assessed, serum levels of this protein are an important predictor the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Obesidad y su implicación en el cáncer de mama / Obesity and its implication in breast cancer

La obesidad y el cáncer de mama constituyen dos patologías de extremada prevalencia en la actualidad y con un alto impacto en la sociedad. Numerosas investigaciones han intentado establecer una asociación entre ambos procesos, circunstancia que aún continúa en entre dicho. Se llevó a cabo una recogida de datos a partir de las historias clínicas de 524 mujeres diagnosticadas y tratadas de cáncer de mama durante el período de enero de 2009 a septiembre de 2010. Los objetivos del estudio fueron verificar una posible asociación entre el estado nutricional de las mujeres y su relación con la edad de diagnóstico del tumor. En segundo lugar, determinar la posible implicación de la obesidad en relación con la edad de la menarquia y con ello en el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el estado nutricional de las mujeres y la edad a la cual fueron diagnosticadas de cáncer de mama (p <0,0001), así como una asociación estadísticamente significativa(p < 0,0001) entre la edad de la menarquia y el estado nutricional de las pacientes. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio muestran que la obesidad se encuentra íntimamente asociada con el cáncer de mama (AU)

Obesity and breast cancer are two very frequent pathologies in the world today, which have a strong impact on society. Various research studies have tried linking the two. For this purpose, data was collected from the medical histories of 524 women who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer from January 2009 to September 2010. The objectives of the study were to find and verify a possible association between the nutritional state of these women and their age when they were diagnosed with the tumour (p < 0.0001) as well as a statistically significant association (p < 0.0001) between the age of the first menstruation and the nutritional state of the patients. The results obtained showed that obesity was closely related to breast cancer (AU)

La piel y su expresión en la clínica del niño con síndrome de Down / The skin and its manifestations in the clinical history of children with Down’s syndrome

Los desórdenes cromosómicos normalmente no se encuentran asociados a alteraciones específicas de la piel, pero hay una excepción en el caso del síndrome de Down, ya que la piel del recién nacido con este síndrome es suave, delgada, delicada. Posteriormente se torna más gruesa, seca y áspera, y es común la presencia de xerosis generalizada asociada a queratosis pilar. En el caso de las mucosas, la macroglosia y la lengua escrotal, con protrusión y fisura del labio inferior, resultan rasgos muy frecuentes. El envejecimiento temprano de la piel y la fotosensibilidad son características habituales en estos pacientes. Entre las alteraciones de la piel más considerables encontramos cutis marmorata, xerosis, hiperqueratosis palmoplantar, queilitis, dermatitis seborreica, foliculitis, tinea pedis, onicomicosis, sarna costrosa (sarna noruega), dermatitis atópica, alopecia areata, vitíligo, psoriasis (forma grave), pitiriasis rubra pilaris, siringoma, elastosis perforante serpiginosa y cutis verticis girata. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido llevar a cabo una revisión de la bibliografía existente sobre los principales procesos dermatológicos y su prevalencia en el paciente pediátrico con síndrome de Down (AU)

Chromosomal disorders are not usually associated with specific alterations of the skin, with Down’s syndrome being an exception, because the skin of the newborn with this syndrome is soft, thin and delicate. It subsequently becomes coarser, drier and rougher, and generalised xerosis associated with keratosis pilaris is common. In the case of mucous membranes, macroglossia and scrotal tongue with protrusion and cleft lip are very common features. Premature aging of the skin and photosensitivity are common features in these patients. The following are among the most significant skin disorders: cutis marmorata, xerosis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, cheilitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, folliculitis, tinea pedis, onychomycosis, crusted scabies (Norwegian scabies), atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, psoriasis (severe form), pityriasis rubra pilaris, syringoma, elastosis perforans serpiginosa and cutis verticis gyrata. The aim of this study was to carry out a review of existing literature on major dermatological processes and their prevalence in the paediatric patient with Down’s syndrome (AU)

Obesidad de una población de escolares de Granada: evaluación de la eficacia de una intervención educativa / Obesity in a school children population from granada: assessment of the efficacy of an educational intervention

Objetivos: El objeto del presente trabajo es estudiar la prevalencia de la obesidad y el sobrepeso en una población de escolares y verificar la efectividad de la intervención educativa desarrollada sobre esos alumnos en términos de mejora de los valores percentilados del índice de masa corporal. Material: La población valorada está compuesta por 977 escolares de entre 9 y 17 años de edad, pertenecientes a 13 centros educativos públicos de la ciudad de Granada y de su provincia (España). Metodología: Se trata de un estudio longitudinal, analítico, multicéntrico y observacional de cohortes, desarrollado en tres fases. En primer lugar, valoración del estado nutricional, mediante técnicas antropométricas (peso, talla e índice de masa corporal, seis pliegues cutáneos y cuatro perímetros corporales) así como la presión arterial. Una segunda fase en la que se desarrolló la intervención educativa sobre la alimentación y el ejercicio físico. En la fase final se evaluó la efectividad de la intervención. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor prevalencia de obesidad en las chicas de entre 12 y 13 años (15,1%). En los chicos, la prevalencia de obesidad fue inferior hasta los 13 años, aunque después mostraron un creciente incremento de dicha prevalencia (12,6%). Se produjo una reducción significativa de los valores de IMC en los dos sexos, aunque más significativa entre las chicas. Conclusiones: Existe un incremento alarmante en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad entre la población valorada. La reducción significativa de las puntuaciones en el IMC confirma la efectividad de la intervención educativa desarrollada (AU)

Objectives: The objective of this research was to study the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in a population of school children and adolescents, and to verify the effectiveness of an educational intervention, as reflected in the variation of their body mass index values. Materials: The population sample was composed of 977 school children and adolescents from 9 to 17 years of age, belonging to 13 public elementary schools and high schools in the city and province of Granada (Spain).Methodology: This longitudinal cohort study was analytical, muticentric, and observational. It was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved the evaluation of the nutritional state of the sample population by means of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, bodymass index, six skin folds and four body perimeters) as well as arterial blood pressure. The second phase entailed an educational intervention focusing on good nutritional habits and physical exercise. The third and final phase evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: A higher obesity prevalence (15.1%) was found in school girls between 12 and 13. In the case of boys, obesity prevalence was lower up to age 13 though afterwards, it progressively increased (12.6%). The educational intervention produced an important reduction inbody mass index values in both sexes though this reduction was more significant in young females. Conclusions: There is a currently an alarming increase in obesity and overweight prevalence among the population evaluated in this study. The significant reduction in body mass index values resulting from this research confirmed the effectiveness of the educational intervention to reduce excess weight (AU)